Response of predator-naive newt larvae to food and predator presence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For naive prey, the ability to recognize predators is advantageous at the time of first predator encounter. After predator detection, prey could avoid the risk of being eaten by modifying the patterns of activity and use of habitat. The use of refuges is considered one of the most widespread antipredator tactics. In laboratory experiments, we tested the effects of food (cladocerans, Daphnia sp.) and predator (brown trout, Salmo trutta) presence on larval newt (Triturus helveticus and Triturus alpestris) refuging behaviour, and the effect of refuge use on larval survival. Newt larvae came from lakes without fish and were reared in the laboratory from the egg stage so that they lacked any previous experience with brown trout. Larvae of both species increased refuge use and reduced significantly their emergence rate in the presence of predators. Food had no effect on refuge use or activity. For both species, refuge availability increased larval survival by more than twofold when the predator was present. These results suggest that naive newt larvae are able to detect predators and show an innate antipredator response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".