Adenosine receptor inhibition attenuates the decrease in cutaneous vascular conductance during whole‐body cooling from hyperthermia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? Adenosine has been implicated in mediating both vasoconstriction and vasodilatation in a variety of tissues throughout the body. No study has yet examined its influence in cutaneous vasoconstriction elicited by whole‐body cooling from normothermia or from hyperthermia. What is the main finding and its importance? Through the use of the non‐selective adenosine receptor antagonist, theophylline, a role for adenosine in the control of the cutaneous circulation when cooling from a state of hyperthermia is suggested. Adenosine has both vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive properties, yet its influence on cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) during whole‐body cooling remains unknown. The present study evaluated the influence of adenosine on reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction. Four microdialysis probes were inserted into the dorsal forearm skin of eight subjects and infused with the following solutions: (i) lactated Ringer solution (CON); (ii) 4 mmtheophylline (Theo), a non‐selective adenosine receptor antagonist; (iii) 10 mm l‐NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; and (iv) combined 4 mmtheophylline and 10 mm l‐NAME (Theo +l‐NAME). Subjects subsequently donned a water‐perfusion garment. Following a thermoneutral baseline period, the suit was perfused with water at 10°C for 20 min (Cooling 1). The suit was then perfused with water at 49°C for 45 min (Heating), followed by a second cooling period of 20 min using 10°C water (Cooling 2). Cutaneous blood flow (laser‐Doppler) was measured over each microdialysis probe and used to calculate CVC as a percentage of the maximum determined by sodium nitroprusside infusion and local heating. Cutaneous vascular conductance was significantly elevated at the Theo site relative to CON following Cooling 1 (18 ± 6versus8 ± 2%;P= 0.01) and Cooling 2 (27 ± 11versus14 ± 5%;P= 0.022). Likewise, CVC at the Theo +l‐NAME site remained greater compared withl‐NAME after Cooling 1 (13 ± 4versus7 ± 3%;P= 0.030) and Cooling 2 (15 ± 3versus9 ± 2%;P= 0.009). The present findings demonstrate that non‐selective antagonism of adenosine receptors attenuates the decrease in cutaneous vascular conductance during whole‐body cooling from hyperthermia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".