A Regional Perspective on the Canada-US Standard of Living Comparison
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents a comparison of standards of living between Canadian provinces and US States. Most comparisons with the United States focus on the national perspective while provincial analyses are essentially restricted to the domestic context. This study extends the scope of the exercise to the regional level since the relative performance of the provinces varies significantly and, therefore, the challenges raised by the greater integration of the North-American market are also likely to differ. The comparison focuses on standards of living with a special emphasis on labour productivity. The article is divided as follows. First, we present our framework of analysis and discuss issues related to the comparison of productivity and standard of living at regional levels between the two countries. We then move to the discussion of standard of living and productivity. Each of these sections presents separately an analysis of US states, Canadian provinces and a comparison of both provinces and states. The paper concludes with a brief review of the main results. 1. Framework of Analysis and
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".