Cytoplasmic Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-4 in Human Pituitary Adenomas: Relation to Tumor Type, Size, Proliferation, and Invasiveness
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas remains unknown. A pituitary tumor-derived (ptd) isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 (ptd-FGFR4) has been implicated in the neoplastic process. To further understand the expression of FGFR4 in sporadic human pituitary adenomas, we studied 137 pituitary adenomas of various types (102 adenomas from Japanese patients and 35 adenomas from Canadian patients) and 10 nontumorous pituitaries using a polyclonal antiserum that recognizes the C terminus of FGFR4 and analyzed possible relationships among expression of FGFR4, patient nationality, tumor type, size, invasion, and the labeling index of the proliferation marker Ki-67 using the MIB-1 antibody. Cytoplasmic expression of FGFR4 protein was observed in 57.8% of Japanese cases and 62.8% of Canadian cases. FGFR4 reactivity was absent in all 10 normal adenohypophysial tissues examined. FGFR4 expression in pituitary adenomas was restricted mainly to the cytoplasm, a pattern similar to that seen in rat pituitary cells transfected with human ptd-FGFR4 but different from that of cells transfected with wild-type FGFR4, which displayed membrane localization of staining. Protein from primary human adenomas migrated as a 65-kDa species consistent with the predicted size of ptd-FGFR4. FGFR4 protein expression was frequently found in adenomas containing GH, ACTH, or FSH/LH and was also found in null cell adenomas, but reactivity was relatively rare in prolactin-containing adenomas in both Japanese and Canadian groups. The expression of FGFR4 protein was stronger in macroadenomas than in microadenomas (P = 0.02) and high levels of FGFR4 expression (moderate or greater density staining) were more frequently observed in macroadenomas than in microadenomas (P < 0.05). High levels of FGFR4 expression also correlated significantly with the proliferation marker Ki-67 (P = 0.002) and tended (but not significantly) to be found in invasive tumors. These data are consistent with a role for ptd-FGFR4 in pituitary tumorigenesis in a majority of human pituitary adenomas. Moreover, detection of FGFR4 cytoplasmic staining may provide an ancillary diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma, particularly in equivocal cases.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it