The intriguing reaction of aromatic sulfonyl phthalimides with gold surfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on a series of arene sulfonyl phthalimides which were prepared and used to modify polycrystalline gold and Au(111) gold surfaces. Three investigated compounds are the p-iodo-, the p-methoxy-, and the p-fluoro-benzenesulfonyl phthalimides. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies were used to characterize the modified surfaces. The XPS data show that all three investigated compounds decompose on gold surfaces. The decomposition leads to the adsorption of sulfur and ejection of the other groups except for the p-iodo compound, which also leads to the deposition of iodine. The cyclic voltammetry data confirm these results and show that high coverage values of deposited sulfur are obtained. High-resolution STM imaging showed a dynamic behaviour of sulfur on gold for all compounds. Movement of sulfur species on the Au(111) surface is observed. Various phases including a new 'zig-zag' pattern and a new 2 : 1 line pattern are presented. Sequential STM imaging also showed movement of one area of sulfur while another remains static. These results are important because (i) they provide direct experimental evidence that these hexavalent sulfur compounds react with gold surfaces breaking all sulfur chemical bonds, (ii) they show that sulfonyl phthalimides can be used as efficient precursors for the deposition of sulfur on gold, and (iii) very importantly they show the adlayer nature of the sulfur modified gold surface which has been a heavily debated question.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".