What is the magnitude of the group-size effect on vigilance?
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vigilance has been predicted to decrease with group size due to increased predator detection and dilution of predation risk in larger groups. Although earlier literature reviews have provided ample support for this prediction, an increasing number of studies have failed to document a decline in vigilance with group size. In addition, support for this prediction has been based thus far on the P value of the relationship between vigilance and group size rather than on a quantitative assessment of effect magnitude. Here, I use a meta-analysis of empirical relationships between vigilance and group size in birds published in the last 35 years to provide a reassessment of the group-size effect on vigilance. Nearly one-third of all published relationships between vigilance and group size were not significant (n = 172). Results from the meta-analysis indicate weak to moderate negative correlations between group size and time spent vigilant (n = 43), scan frequency (n = 29), or scan duration (n = 20). The magnitude of the relationship was stronger in studies that controlled the amount of food available to birds. A funnel plot of the relationship between correlation coefficients and sample size failed to reveal an obvious publication bias. Although the meta-analysis results generally support the prediction that vigilance should decline with group size, a large amount of variation in vigilance remains unexplained in avian studies.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it