Radar Architecture and Evolution of Channel Bars in Wandering Gravel-Bed Rivers: Fraser and Squamish Rivers, British Columbia, Canada
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The alluvial architecture and evolution of two kilometer-scale compound bars in the wandering gravel-bed Fraser and Squamish rivers, British Columbia, Canada, are described. Integrating ground-penetrating radar, bathymetry, and aerial photographs enables the internal architecture to be linked to the evolution of the gravelly barforms over the previous 50 years. These linkages reveal the sedimentary mechanisms that formed the various architectural packages within compound bars and unit bars. Growth of compound bars is controlled by the accretion of unit bars onto discrete segments along their gravelly edges. The attachment of unit bars deflects the thalweg to impinge on and erode specific portions of bars and channel banks. Bar growth leads to the stabilization of bars, vegetation colonization of bar interiors, and island formation. It is the formation of islands, along with channel avulsions, that maintains channel division in wandering rivers. Seven styles of gravelly deposition are imaged in the alluvial architecture. Vertical-accretion deposits formed from the deposition of gravelly bedload sheets are the most common strata. A moderate abundance of slipface deposits preserves high-relief bar margins. Lateral accretion dominates point-bar deposits. Downstream-accretion deposits govern some phases of down-bar growth. Partial and complete channel-fill and chute-fill deposits are eroded into underlying sediments, as are scour-and-fill deposits. Upstream-accretion deposits are uncommon. A depositional model of gravelly channel bars in the two rivers is presented and reveals that the architecture is made up of depositional styles similar to those observed in braiding-river successions, although the sedimentary packages are preserved in different proportions. Differences in braiding-river and wandering-river sedimentology largely reflect the relatively frequent migration of channels and bars in braiding rivers, which preserve high proportions of channel fill and chute fill, and confluence scour-and-fill deposits. Conversely, the moderately stable island and channel network in wandering rivers limits channel shifting and consequently preserves a low number of channel fills. Moderate proportions of slipface strata and coherent patterns of sand deposition along bar tops provide evidence of comparatively uniform flow patterns in independent channel segments divided by islands. These patterns of bar sedimentation and channel shifting preserved in the alluvial architecture appear to be signature characteristics of wandering rivers. The occurrence of similar architecture in both the Fraser and Squamish rivers suggests that the model likely applies to most wandering gravel-bed rivers.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it