Plumes anchored by a high viscosity lower mantle in a 3D mantle convection model featuring dynamically evolving plates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that 3D vigorously convecting systems featuring plate‐like surface motion and lower mantle viscosities much greater than the upper mantle viscosity can yield long lived intraplate plumes if plate boundaries remain fixed. We investigate whether plumes originating in a lower mantle 90 times more viscous than the upper mantle will maintain relatively fixed positions when dynamic plate evolution is present. We compare the findings from a pair of calculations featuring four plates in a 3 × 3 × 1 periodic Cartesian geometry model. In both calculations, plate velocities are determined dynamically in response to the stresses acting on the viscously defined lithosphere. In one case plate boundaries are held fixed, in the second dynamically determined plate evolution is enabled. In both cases, long lived mantle plumes are observed. Moreover, the locations of the plumes remain relatively fixed even as plates systematically evolve to a completely different arrangement from their initial configuration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".