Cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell death induced by <i>Bothrops alternatus</i> snake venom in cultured Madin–Darby canine kidney cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bothrops snake venoms cause renal damage, with renal failure being the main cause of death in humans bitten by these snakes. In this work, we investigated the cytoskeletal rearrangement and cytotoxicity caused by Bothrops alternatus venom in cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Incubation with venom (10 and 100 microg/mL) significantly (p <0.05) decreased the cellular uptake of neutral red dye after 1 and 3 h. Venom (100 microg/mL) also markedly decreased the transepithelial electrical resistance (RT) across MDCK monolayers. Staining with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin revealed disarray of the cytoskeleton that involved the stress fibers at the basal cell surface and focal adhesion-associated F-actin in the cell-matrix contact region. Feulgen staining showed a significant decrease in the number of cells undergoing mitosis and an increase in the frequency of altered nuclei. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a decrease in the number of microvilli and the presence of cells with a fusiform format. Flow cytometry with annexin V and propidium iodide showed that cell death occurred by necrosis, with little apoptosis, a conclusion supported by the lack of DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis. Pretreating the cells with catalase significantly attenuated the venom-induced loss of viability, indicating a possible involvement of H2O2 in the cellular damage; less protection was observed with superoxide dismutase or N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. These results indicate that Bothrops alternatus venom is cytotoxic to cultured MDCK cells, possibly via the action of reactive oxygen species. This cytotoxicity could contribute to nephrotoxicity after envenoming by this species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".