Direct Investigation of Halogen Bonds by Solid-State Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Molecular Orbital Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions play a ubiquitous role in the structure, stability, and reactivity of a wide range of molecular and ionic cocrystals, pharmaceuticals, materials, and biomolecules. The halogen bond continues to be the focus of much attention, due in part to its strength and unique directionality. Here, we report a multifaceted experimental and computational study of halogen bonds in the solid state. A series of cocrystals of three different diiodobenzene molecules and various onium halide (Cl(-) or Br(-)) salts, designed to exhibit moderately strong halogen bonds (C-I···X(-)) in the absence of competing hydrogen bonds, has been prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Interestingly, a wide range of geometries about the halide anion are observed. (35/37)Cl and (79/81)Br solid-state NMR spectroscopy is applied to characterize the nuclear quadrupolar coupling constants (C(Q)) and asymmetry parameters (η(Q)) for the halogen-bonded anions at the center of bonding environments ranging from approximately linear to distorted square planar to octahedral. The relationship between the halogen bond environment and the quadrupolar parameters is elucidated through a natural localized molecular orbital (NLMO) analysis in the framework of density functional theory (DFT). These calculations reveal that the lone pair type orbitals on the halogen-bonded anion govern the magnitude and orientation of the quadrupolar tensor as the geometry about the anion is systematically altered. In -C-I···X(-)···I-C- environments, the value of η(Q) is well-correlated to the I···X(-)···I angle. (13)C NMR and DFT calculations show a correlation between chemical shifts and halogen bond strength (through the C-I distance) in o-diiodotetrafluorobenzene cocrystals. Overall, this work provides a chemically intuitive understanding of the connection between the geometry and electronic structure of halogen bonds and various NMR parameters with the aid of NLMO analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".