Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Other Liver Disease Among Greenlanders Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus: A Population-Based Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In Greenland, the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen carriers, reflecting chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, is 5%-10%. However, the incidence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in this population has been reported to be low. We investigated this discrepancy in a large population-based cohort study. METHODS: In total, 8879 Greenlanders (16% of the population) were recruited for population-based surveys performed from May 5 to July 7, 1987, and from November 1 to November 21, 1998, with follow-up until March 31, 2010. HBV status was based on serological testing, supplemented by data from all available HBV registries in Greenland to determine changes in HBV status over time. Information on morbidity and mortality was obtained from the Patient Discharge Registry, the Cancer Registry, and the Central Registration System. Sex, age, ethnicity, and period-adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated using Poisson regression. World standardized rates were derived from these and World Health Organization data. RESULTS: The 650 chronically HBV-infected persons had higher rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (adjusted IRR = 8.70; 95% CI = 2.06 to 36.7), liver disease (adjusted IRR = 5.73, 95% CI = 3.52 to 9.34), and all-cause mortality (adjusted IRR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.21 to 1.79) than the 5160 HBV-negative persons. However, the world standardized incidence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (38.5 cancers per 100 000 person-years) and cirrhosis (24 cases per 100 000 person-years) among chronically HBV-infected persons were low compared with results from population-based studies from countries with low, intermediate, and high rates of endemic HBV infection. CONCLUSION: The relatively low incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and other HBV-related morbidity among chronic HBV-infected persons in Greenland suggest a more benign course of HBV among the Greenlandic Inuit than in populations in other parts of the world.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".