Negative impact of abandoned coal mine workings on drinking water quality and the health of residents on Vancouver Island
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Nanaimo Coalfield was a major coal producer between 1852 and 1968. During this time, coal was mined extensively in the area of South Wellington. The quality of groundwater in South Wellington may be adversely affected as mine site abandonment causes a deterioration of the hydrological system. This thesis employed a case-control study and examined the quality of drinking water and geographic variations in health of residents in two communities on Vancouver Island, South Wellington and Cinnabar, The control group, situated in Cinnabar, derives its water from the City of Nanaimo. However private groundwater wells supply drinking water to the study group, South Wellington. Abandoned coal mine workings degrade groundwater and in turn may affect the public through non-point source pollution. Disease and ill health are more common in South Wellington than in Cinnabar. The analyses of well water samples in South Wellington have revealed high levels of total dissolved solids and total conform, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, iron, lead, selenium, sodium and thallium. Each of these elements has been linked to various diseases and disorders and may be predictive of ill health in South Wellington.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".