Breakup of surfactant-laden jets above the critical micelle concentration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The breakup of viscous liquid jets that contain surfactant, that is potentially above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is considered here within the long-wave approximation. The soluble surfactant is assumed to be present in three phases: as an interfacial species, bulk monomers and micelles. A model is developed for the interaction between these phases and the surface tension which obeys a nonlinear equation of state. The effects of the equation of state and the reservoir of surfactant created by micelles on breakup are investigated. The long-wave approximation naturally leads to a system of coupled one-dimensional equations that are solved numerically. It is demonstrated that jet breakup and satellite formation are critically affected by the presence of high surfactant concentrations above the CMC. This manifests itself by the formation of unusually large satellites. We present extensive numerical evidence that the mechanism for this phenomenon centres on the interplay between Marangoni stresses and the nonlinear surfactant equation of state; the latter exhibits a plateau at high interfacial concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".