Do carotenoids and spleen size vary with helminth load in greylag geese?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has been suggested that carotenoid-derived coloration serves as an indicator of parasite levels and (or) the general health of birds. We investigated relationships among spleen size (sometimes considered an indicator of the cellular immune response capacity of birds), carotenoid level, helminth load, and leg and bill coloration of greylag geese, Anser anser (L., 1758), from Doñana National Park (southwest Spain). Nematode abundance was positively related to spleen size and negatively to body condition, but only in males. Coloration of bill and legs was a reliable indicator of cestode but not nematode abundance. Individuals with many cestodes had greater carotenoid stores, suggesting that helminths do not limit carotenoid absorption. Rather, it suggests either that parasitized geese were accumulating more carotenoids to control parasite-induced damage, or that carotenoid-rich diets expose geese to more intermediate hosts of cestodes. Our results support the role of integumentary carotenoid-derived coloration as an indicator of parasitism, but only for particular taxonomic groups.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".