A unified model of presynaptic release site gating by calcium channel domains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Calcium ions enter through discrete ion channels at presynaptic nerve terminals before binding to and activating transmitter release sites. Opposing models hold that release sites are gated either by calcium domains of single, closely associated channels or by extensive, overlapping domains from many remote channels. At the chick calyx synapse we find a linear relation between transmitter release and the number of open calcium channels, favouring single domain activation. This finding is consistent with results from the squid giant synapse but contrasts with steep power dependences reported in rodent synapses, suggestive of activation by extensive overlapping domains. These different reports were reconciled by plotting 'per cent domain overlap' against the external calcium concentration used for each species. This relationship predicts the involvement of local channels in the activation of release sites in all species. Further, it suggests that each release site is activated by calcium ions from its immediately associated channels and not by ions that enter through channels associated with a neighbouring release site.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".