Globalization and income inequality: How public sector spending moderates this relationship in affluent countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study revisits the question of whether global market integration increases net income inequality in affluent countries. Prior research treats the relationship between globalization and income inequality as invariant across different national contexts. Conversely, the author argues that this relationship is best understood as a moderated causal effect, in which the redistributive influences of public sector spending diminish and eventually negate globalization’s otherwise positive effect on income inequality. This argument implies that the distributional consequences of globalization vary cross-nationally due to substantial differences in public sector spending found among affluent countries. Using unbalanced panel data from 16 Western countries observed between 1970 and 2010, the author tests this assertion with panel regression techniques. The results provide qualified support for the hypothesized conditional relationship, with interaction terms between public sector spending and Southern imports being statistically significant across different model specifications and different estimating strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".