“Fraught With All Sorts of Dangers:” Church, State, Politics, and the United Church of Canada Act, 1924
Bibliographic record
Abstract
“Fraught With All Sorts of Dangers” examines how the uniquely fragmented Dominion Parliament of 1924 handled Bill 47, An Act incorporating the United Church of Canada. It offers fresh insight into the issue of Church Union in Canada by exploring how a religiously and politically charged private member's bill forced federal politicians to consider the relationship between church and state in Canada, dredged up old divisions between English-speaking Protestants and French-speaking Roman Catholics, raised questions about the limits of federal and provincial jurisdictions and, at times, challenged parliamentary procedure. The paper explores the ways in which the Liberal government of William Lyon Mackenzie King attempted to avoid many of the controversies of the issue, ones which would later inflict political consequences upon Arthur Meighen and his opposition Conservative Party. Following public protests on Parliament Hill, the scale of which had never been witnessed, and following several lengthy, religiously infused debates in the House of Commons, Bill 47 was passed into law. Although the Church Union issue had raised many uncomfortable questions regarding the interaction of church and state, in the end, the interests of political expediency left most questions unresolved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.039 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".