<i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i>ameliorates<i>Citrobacter rodentium</i>-induced colitis through actions on bacterial virulence factors
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii has received increasing attention as a probiotic effective in the prevention and treatment of infectious and inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the ameliorating effects of S. boulardii on Citrobacter rodentium colitis in vivo and identify potential mechanisms of action. C57BL/6 mice received 2.5 x 10(8) C. rodentium by gavage on day 0, followed by S. boulardii (25 mg; 5 x 10(8) live cells) gavaged twice daily from day 2 to day 9. Animal weights were monitored until death on day 10. Colons were removed and assessed for epithelial barrier function, histology, and myeloperoxidase activity. Bacterial epithelial attachment and type III secreted proteins translocated intimin receptor Tir (the receptor for bacterial intimin) and EspB (a translocation apparatus protein) required for bacterial virulence were assayed. In infected mice, S. boulardii treatment significantly attenuated weight loss, ameliorated crypt hyperplasia (234.7 +/- 7.2 vs. 297.8 +/- 17.6 microm) and histological damage score (0.67 +/- 0.67 vs. 4.75 +/- 0.75), reduced myeloperoxidase activity (2.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 4.7 +/- 0.9 U/mg), and attenuated increased mannitol flux (17.2 +/- 5.0 vs. 31.2 +/- 8.2 nm.cm(-2).h(-1)). The ameliorating effects of S. boulardii were associated with significantly reduced numbers of mucosal adherent C. rodentium, a marked reduction in Tir protein secretion and translocation into mouse colonocytes, and a striking reduction in EspB expression and secretion. We conclude that S. boulardii maintained colonic epithelial barrier integrity and ameliorated inflammatory sequelae associated with C. rodentium infection by attenuating C. rodentium adherence to host epithelial cells through putative actions on the type III secretion system.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it