Evidence of strong contribution from neutral atoms in intense harmonic generation from nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We show experimental evidence that, for the intense high-order harmonics from nanoparticles, there is a strong contribution from neutral atoms. We present the results of studies on the harmonics generated in laser-produced plasmas containing various nanoparticles, including Cr2O3, In2O3, Ag, MnTiO3, Sn, Cu, and Au. These results are compared with the harmonics generated from plasma produced on the surface of bulk targets. The harmonic spectrum from nanoparticle and bulk In2O3 show that there is a lack in the resonant enhancement of the 13th harmonic for the former. Along with the relatively low cut-off for nanoparticle harmonics, these results show that it is the neutral atom in the nanoparticle that emits the intense harmonics. Structural studies of plasma debris confirm the presence and integrity of nanoparticles in the plasma plumes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".