Azimuthal expansion of the dipolarization at geosynchronous orbits associated with substorms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Dipolarization, one of the main indicators of substorm expansion onset, represents topological changes in the magnetotail. It is believed that dipolarization is initiated at a longitudinally confined region in the tail, followed by the azimuthal expansion. There are very limited studies in the literature regarding the azimuthal propagation of the dipolarization front in the magnetotail. In this study we have used ten years of GOES data and POLAR and IMAGE data to study the characteristics of the propagation of the dipolarization fronts at the geosynchronous orbit. We have identified a number of dipolarization events in the GOES magnetic field data and substorm onsets from POLAR UVI and IMAGE-FUV measurements. Using the delay of dipolarization signatures at the two GOES satellites and onset times from POLAR and IMAGE measurements we have estimated the propagation speed of the dipolarization fronts. The calculated speeds vary between 10 km/s and 420 km/s and show a power law distribution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".