Reduction of potato scab and verticillium wilt with ammonium lignosulfonate soil amendment in four Ontario potato fields
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single applications of ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS, ca. 6 t solids/ha) were made at four commercial potato fields in Ontario (sites K, V, W, and G in 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2000, respectively). Potato tubers were planted 2-4 weeks after ALS incorporation. The effects on potato scab, verticillium wilt, tuber yield, soil chemistry, and soil microbiology were determined in the year of application, and for a second crop at sites K (1999), V (2000), and G (2001). Potato scab severity was significantly reduced (50-80%) by ALS treatment in the year of application at all sites. Significantly less scab was present for the second crop at sites K and G. The incidence of Verticillium dahliae infected plants was also significantly decreased (40-50%) by ALS treatment at all sites in the year of application and for the second crop at site K. Ammonium lignosulfonate significantly increased total tuber yield by 2.5 times at site G in 2000. There was no effect on tuber yield at the other sites. However, marketable yield (tubers with <5% surface scab) was significantly increased three- to seven-fold over the control plots at all sites in the year of application. Although marketable yield was consistently higher in subsequent crops at all sites, it was only statistically significant at site G. Soil pH was immediately reduced following application of ALS by 0.4-0.6 units at all sites except site W, where it had no effect. Soil pH returned to control levels by the second season at all sites except site G, which remained one log unit lower than the control treatment. Numbers of soil microorganisms increased two- to eight-fold at all sites within weeks of ALS application. Fungal numbers increased the most and remained elevated for two seasons at site K compared with control plots. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that use of ALS as a soil amendment can significantly reduce the severity of potato scab and verticillium wilt in potato crops.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".