Geology as a Structuring Mechanism of Stream Fish Communities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We examined the influence of the Precambrian Shield, a broad‐scale geological feature of North America, on stream abiotic conditions and on the associated fish communities relative to an adjacent series of sites located on sedimentary geology (i.e., “off‐Shield” streams) in south‐central Ontario, Canada. Constrained and unconstrained multivariate analyses were used to quantify relationships in fish species composition, abiotic variables, and fish species’ functional traits. The results showed that for low‐order lotic systems, streams located on the Precambrian Shield had fish communities that were distinctly different from those of off‐Shield streams. Lotic fish communities on the Shield were associated with higher velocity, increased amounts of instream woody debris, higher dissolved oxygen, and shrub–marsh landscapes. In contrast, off‐Shield communities were characterized by higher conductivity, alkalinity, water temperature, and turbidity and were frequently surrounded by meadow and cultivated or pastured land. In general, off‐Shield sites were more species rich and were associated with species preferring a wide variety of habitats, whereas Shield sites were associated with a subset of the regional species pool that had more specific habitat associations. Overall, our results show that these sharp geological discontinuities result in distinct abiotic environments and fish communities between Shield and off‐Shield low‐order lotic systems within a small geographic range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".