Corrosion Fatigue and Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipeline Steel and the Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Crack advance has been studied in an X-70 pipeline steel, using the compliance technique. The electrolyte used in the study was a very dilute brine bubbled with 10% carbon dioxide (CO2). Cracking rates were studied at a range of frequencies and R-values (R is stress ratio). The R-values simulated typical high-pressure gas service, but the frequency used was significantly higher than that found in gas pipelines. Similar testing was carried out with the addition of 1% hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to the electrolyte using the Shell Canada sour gas test facility. Tests also were run to determine the rate of corrosion fatigue in the same solutions. The crack advance observed in dilute brine bubbled with 10% CO2 could be explained using corrosion fatigue and a threshold, ΔK, of 10 MPa√m. There has been some previous work done at lower frequencies in a less dilute but related electrolyte, and these data have been compared to the present results. The effect of 1% H2S was a dramatic increase in the cracking rate at these frequencies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".