Embedded Measurement of GHz Digital Signals With Time Amplification in CMOS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines an embedded low-power technique for the single-shot measurement of GHz digital signals. Two circuits will be demonstrated; the first is a rise time measurement core, while the second represents an embedded technique for the characterization of narrow pulses. Both circuits can be seen as general tools to increase the low-end time dynamic range measurements of digital events in CMOS. The circuits rely on a new fast voltage-crossing detector to convert the input information and condition it into same polarity edges, separated by the timing information to be measured. Those edges are then in turn stretched further using time amplification, making them easily detectable with low-resolution time-to-digital converters. Dynamic current generation techniques are used in the front-end detector to greatly reduce the power consumption. The proposed circuits are compact and introduce only a few tens of femtofarads capacitive loading. The circuits were implemented in a standard 0.18-mum CMOS process. Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed approach. Rise times of 1 ns and pulses as narrow as 78 ps were successfully captured in a single-shot measurement approach, with total power dissipation not exceeding a few milliwatts, in each of the two cases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".