Identification of the Mechanism Mediating Genioglossus Muscle Suppression in REM Sleep
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RATIONALE: Inhibition of pharyngeal motoneurons accompanies REM sleep and is a cause of hypoventilation and obstructive sleep apnea in humans. One explanation posits that the neurotransmitters glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid are responsible for REM sleep motor inhibition. However, blockade of that mechanism at cranial motor nuclei increases motor activity in all sleep-wake states, and least of all in REM sleep, arguing against it as a major mechanism of REM sleep pharyngeal motor inhibition. OBJECTIVES: To identify the mechanism of REM sleep inhibition at the hypoglossal motor pool. METHODS: Genioglossus and diaphragm activities were recorded in 34 rats across sleep-wake states. Microdialysis probes were implanted into the hypoglossal motor pool. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Here we show that muscarinic receptor antagonism at the hypoglossal motor pool prevents the inhibition of genioglossus activity throughout REM sleep; likewise, with G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channel blockade. Importantly, the genioglossus activating effects of these interventions were largest in REM sleep and minimal or often absent in other sleep-wake states. Finally, we showed that muscarinic inhibition of the genioglossus is functionally linked to GIRK channel activation. CONCLUSIONS: We identify a powerful cholinergic-GIRK channel mechanism operating at the hypoglossal motor pool that has its largest inhibitory influence in REM sleep and minimal or no effects in other sleep-wake states. This mechanism is the major cause of REM sleep inhibition at a pharyngeal motor pool critical for effective breathing.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it