Diagnostic Value of Arterial Blood Gas Measurement in Suspected Pulmonary Embolism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common and lethal yet treatable condition. Several authors have reported on the diagnostic value of combinations of arterial blood gas (ABG) and other clinical data (i. e., prediction rules), and have claimed that these combinations can be safely used to exclude PE. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the diagnostic value of ABG measurement and to attempt to validate the ABG prediction rules published by these various authors for the assessment of patients with suspected PE. Two hundred ninety-three consecutive patients referred for imaging to investigate suspected PE were approached to participate in the investigation. ABG and other clinical data were obtained from consenting and eligible patients before an outcome classification (PE versus non-PE) was performed. None of the ABG data or prediction rules had sufficient negative predictive value, specificity, or likelihood ratios to be useful in the management of patients with suspected PE. We conclude that ABG data alone or in combination with other clinical data are not useful in the assessment of suspected PE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.047 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".