Cryptic species diversity and evolution in the amphipod genus <i>Hyalella</i> within central glaciated North America: a molecular phylogenetic approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many benthic freshwater invertebrates are strong candidates for diversification as a result of their short generation times, the divergent selection pressures that they encounter across habitat gradients, and the insular nature of aquatic environments. We analysed populations of the amphipod crustacean Hyalella azteca s.l. from habitats in Ontario, Wisconsin, New Brunswick, and the Yukon Territory. Combined analysis of allozymes and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene revealed that H. azteca is a complex of at least seven species showing marked genetic, but little morphological divergence. Two or more co-occurring species were detected in at least 15 of the 24 habitats. Evidence suggests that diversification has arisen as a consequence of both isolation in different glacial refugia and habitat specialization. A recent origin for the subgenus Hyalella, following the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, is improbable; the subgenus appears to have originated as early as the mid-Miocene.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".