LMS-2: Towards an algorithm that is as cheap as LMS and almost as efficient as RLS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We consider linear prediction problems in a stochastic environment. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a well-known, easy to implement and computationally cheap solution to this problem. However, as it is well known, the LMS algorithm, being a stochastic gradient descent rule, may converge slowly. The recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm overcomes this problem, but its computational cost is quadratic in the problem dimension. In this paper we propose a two timescale stochastic approximation algorithm which, as far as its slower timescale is considered, behaves the same way as the RLS algorithm, while it is as cheap as the LMS algorithm. In addition, the algorithm is easy to implement. The algorithm is shown to give estimates that converge to the best possible estimate with probability one. The performance of the algorithm is tested in two examples and it is found that it may indeed offer some performance gain over the LMS algorithm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".