Dynamics of benzimidazole ethylphosphonate: a solid-state NMR study of anhydrous composite proton-conducting electrolytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Imidazole phosphate and phosphonate solid acids model the hydrogen-bonding networks and dynamics of the anhydrous electrolyte candidate for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Solid-state NMR reveals that phosphate and phosphonate anion dynamics dominate the rate of long-range proton transport, and that the presence of a membrane host facilitates proton mobility, as evidenced by a decreased correlation time of the composites (80 ± 15 ms) relative to the pristine salt (101 ± 5 ms). Benzimidazole ethylphosphonate (Bi-ePA) is chosen as a model salt to investigate the membrane system. The hydrogen-bonding structure of Bi-ePA is established using X-ray diffraction coupled with solid-state (1)H-(1)H DQC NMR. The anion dynamics has been determined using solid-state (31)P CODEX NMR. By comparing the dynamics of ethylphosphonate groups in pristine salt and membrane-salt composites, it is clear that the rotation process involves three-site exchange. Through data interpretation, a stretched exponential function is introduced with the stretching exponent, β, ranging 0 < β ≤ 1. The (31)P CODEX data for pristine salt are fitted with single exponential decay where β = 1; however, the data for the membrane-salt composites are fitted with stretched exponential functions, where β has a constant value of 0.5. This β value suggests a non-Gaussian distribution of the dynamic systems in the composite sample, which is introduced by the membrane host.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".