Sodium &#x2014; Excess selenium interaction in Bridgman-grown CuInSe<inf>2</inf>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In otherwise stoichiometric Bridgman-grown CuInSe2, it has been found, in this laboratory, that the conductivity type changes from p- to n-type when more than 0.25 at. % of elemental sodium is added to the melt. For melts with excess selenium over stoichiometry, x, corresponding to the formula CuInSe2+x+ Na, no conversion was observed up to at least 3 at. % of added Na for x = 0.2. However, for smaller x-values (x ≤ 0.05), the inversion continued to take place, where the percentage of Na causing the inversion ([Na]crit) increased with x. From a relationship emerging between [Na]critand x, it appears that one Se atom reacts with two Na atoms in the inversion process, suggesting the formation of the binary Na2Se. While this compound has not been detected by XRD in the residue from growth runs with a few percent of added sodium, it was detected in a special run where the element addition was greatly increased. XRD has also confirmed that the Na-added n-type material remains chalcopyrite, even with large Na additions of 3 at. %.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".