Means to improve the nutritive value of flaxseed for broiler chickens: The effect of particle size, enzyme addition, and feed pelleting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to explore dietary means (particle size, enzyme addition, bile salts addition, and feed pelleting) of minimizing the antinutritive effects of cell wall-nonstarch polysaccharides of flaxseed. Broiler chickens were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 15% of full-fat flaxseed from 5 to 18 d. The effects of 2 enzyme preparations containing viscosity-reducing or cell wall-degrading activities on growth performance and nutrient digestibility were evaluated in experiment 1. Enzyme addition had beneficial effects (P<0.05) in increasing nonstarch polysaccharide digestibility and reducing intestinal viscosity. However, no differences in growth performance or fat digestibility were observed between the enzyme types. Therefore, the enzyme supplement containing both viscosity-reducing and cell wall-degrading activities was used in subsequent studies. A 2x2x2 factorial arrangement was used in experiment 2 to investigate the effects of particle size (coarse vs. fine), enzyme supplementation, and bile salt addition on the nutritive value of flaxseed for broiler chickens. In experiment 3, a 4x2 factorial arrangement was used to further investigate the effects of feed processing (whole seed, coarsely ground seed, and finely ground seed in pelleted diets or finely ground seed in mash diets) and enzyme addition on growth performance and fat utilization. Bile salt addition did not improve fat digestibility. Particle size reduction via grinding had no significant effect on growth performance no matter if present in the mash or pelleted diets. When compared with grinding, feed pelleting showed more pronounced and beneficial effects on growth performance particularly when whole, intact seeds were used, indicating a potential for using whole flaxseed in the pelleted diets. Enzyme addition resulted in an increase in total tract fat digestibility by 3 to 6%, which was reflected in an improved feed conversion ratio by 1 to 3%, regardless of the processing method used (P<0.05). In conclusion, enzyme addition and feed pelleting offer practical solutions to improve the nutritive value of flaxseed for broiler chickens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".