Genetic determinants of exercise blood pressure and heart rate in response to 20-week endurance exercise training in whites and blacks: the HERITAGE family study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The training responses of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are indices of 'cardiovascular reactivity' in the traditional use of the term. Familial influences were investigated for exercise BP and HR at an initial workload of 50 W and at 80% of the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, ml/kg/min) in response (post-training minus pre-training) to a 20-week endurance exercise training program. A total of 463 participants from 99 sedentary White nuclear families and a total of 249 individuals from 105 sedentary Black nuclear family units in the HERITAGE Family Study were analyzed using a familial correlation model. The training response phenotypes were adjusted for the effects of age, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), cigaratte smoking status, VO2max and the pre-training values of exercise systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and HR phenotypes at 50 W and 80% of VO2max by sex, generation and race. We found that maximal heritabilities in Whites reached 27%, 25% and 38% for exercise SBP, DBP and HR training responses at 50 W, respectively. However, the estimates for these phenotypes were not only non-significant in Blacks at 50 W, but were also negligible in both Whites and Blacks at 80% of VO2max. Furthermore, heterogeneity by race for the training response phenotypes at 50 W was observed because of the presence of familial resemblance in Whites, but not in Blacks. We conclude that exercise BP and HR training response levels at 50 W in Whites were influenced by a modest, but significant, familial component, in contrast to the high familial effects (heritability estimates over 50%) for their pre-training measures detected previously in the same study. The lack of similar familial effects in Blacks may be due to a smaller sample size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".