Activity of spores and extracellular proteins from six Cry<sup>+</sup>strains and a Cry<sup>–</sup>strain of<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>subsp.<i>kurstaki</i>against the western spruce budworm,<i>Choristoneura occidentalis</i>(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We characterized insecticidal activity of previously untested strains of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki belonging to two crystal serovars (K-1 and K-73) against the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman 1967). By testing various components, we demonstrated that spores play a critical role in the pathogenesis of each strain. Spore-free crystals caused low mortality and purified spores were generally not toxic. The addition of spores to purified protoxin increased toxicity several hundred-fold, regardless of the parental strain from which the spores or protoxins were derived. The crystal and spore components did not account for full insecticidal activity of whole sporulated cultures owing to the toxicity of soluble proteins that are secreted during cell growth. We observed a marked difference in toxicity of secreted proteins between the K-1 and K-73 type strains, with the K-1 preparations causing much higher mortality, mass reduction, and inhibition of pupation. There was a consistent correlation between relative toxicity of secreted protein preparations and the presence and quantity of the Vip3A protein, suggesting that this protein contributes to the virulence of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in western spruce budworm larvae. However, other virulence factors have to be invoked to explain the synergizing effect of spores from both K-1 and K-73 strains on Cry protein toxicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".