Particle damage observed in ring shear tests on sands
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, particle damage of three test sands with different mineralogical compositions is studied using stress–displacement response measured in ring shear tests, particle-size distributions of the original sand prior to shear and from the shear band after shear, and by examining particle shape changes determined by scanning electron microscope. Particle damage during shearing produced a wider particle-size distribution, and damage typically continued until the normal stress was small (about 28 kPa) in constant volume ring shear tests and the internal stresses were distributed among sufficient particle contacts such that damage practically ceased. The dominant damage mechanism (typically either particle abrasion and shearing-off asperities or particle splitting) depended strongly on the soil response (i.e., contraction or dilation), particle hardness, and particle-size distribution, but both mechanisms produced particles that were more angular and rougher than the original sand particles. The magnitude of particle damage observed in the ring shear tests was influenced by the consolidation normal stress, shear displacement, particle mineralogy, particle-size distribution, drainage conditions, and soil fabric (in constant volume tests). Lastly, the influence of particle damage on engineering properties including hydraulic conductivity, liquefaction resistance, stress–strain response, friction angle, and critical state are briefly discussed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it