Electrochemical and PM-IRRAS Characterization of Cholera Toxin Binding at a Model Biological Membrane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A mixed phospholipid-cholestrol bilayer, with cholera toxin B (CTB) units attached to the monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) binding sites in the distal leaflet, was deposited on a Au(111) electrode surface. Polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) measurements were used to characterize structural and orientational changes in this model biological membrane upon binding CTB and the application of the electrode potential. The data presented in this article show that binding cholera toxin to the membrane leads to an overall increase in the tilt angle of the fatty acid chains; however, the conformation of the bilayer remains relatively constant as indicated by the small decrease in the total number of gauche conformers of acyl tails. In addition, the bound toxin caused a significant decrease in the hydration of the ester group contained within the lipid bilayer. Furthermore, changes in the applied potential had a minimal effect on the overall structure of the membrane. In contrast, our results showed significant voltage-dependent changes in the average orientation of the protein α-helices that may correspond to the voltage-gated opening and closing of the central pore that resides within the B subunit of cholera toxin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".