A Three-Phase Frequency Adaptive Digital Phase Locked Loop for Measurement, Control, and Protection in Power Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A three-phase phase locked loop (3-Phi PLL) for control and protection in power system applications is presented. The 3-Phi PLL is a frequency adaptive digital system that consists of a positive sequence detector and a single-phase predictive phase locked loop (PPLL). The 3-Phi PLL is fully adaptive in extracting frequency, amplitude, and phase angle in time variant systems. The modeling and mathematical properties of the positive sequence detector and the PPLL are presented. The 3-Phi PLL can accommodate a wide range of frequency and amplitude variations in the presence of noise and disturbances. The 3-Phi PLL is implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). A number of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) have been evaluated for this application. A successive approximation type ADC offers the best tradeoff between resolution and sampling frequency. The synchronization information is extracted within two cycles of the input signal period. The operation of the 3-Phi is verified for balanced and unbalanced loads in the presence of noise, harmonics, and DC-offsets over a frequency range of a fraction of Hz to a few kHz and over an amplitude range of about 3% to 120% of the nominal voltage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".