Performance evaluation and total degradation of 16-QAM modulations over satellite channels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper presents the total degradation (TD) performance of five 16-QAM constellations versus the input back off (IBO) of a high power amplifier (HPA) for a nonlinear satellite communication system. Results show that TD performance gives a set of convex curves and the star (4, 12) 16-QAM constellation has the lowest TD among the five 16-QAM constellations. The optimum IBO for each constellation is also calculated. Finally, the symbol error rate (SER) comparison of the five 16-QAM constellations is presented when they work in linear and nonlinear environments. For the nonlinear environment case, the HPA is forced to work with optimum IBO for each constellation. Results indicate that while star (5, 11) and rectangular 16-QAM are the best constellations in the linear case, star (4, 12) 16-QAM is the best one in the nonlinear case.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".