A DETAILED GRAVITATIONAL LENS MODEL BASED ON SUBMILLIMETER ARRAY AND KECK ADAPTIVE OPTICS IMAGING OF A<i>HERSCHEL</i>-ATLAS SUBMILLIMETER GALAXY AT<i>z</i>= 4.243<sup>,</sup><sup>,</sup>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present high-spatial resolution imaging obtained with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) at 880 μm and the Keck adaptive optics (AO) system at the K S -band of a gravitationally lensed submillimeter galaxy (SMG) at z = 4.243 discovered in the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey. The SMA data (angular resolution ≈0 6) resolve the dust emission into multiple lensed images, while the Keck AO K S -band data (angular resolution ≈0 1) resolve the lens into a pair of galaxies separated by 0 3. We present an optical spectrum of the foreground lens obtained with the Gemini-South telescope that provides a lens redshift of z lens = 0.595 ± 0.005. We develop and apply a new lens modeling technique in the visibility plane that shows that the SMG is magnified by a factor of μ = 4.1 ± 0.2 and has an intrinsic infrared (IR) luminosity of L IR = (2.1 ± 0.2) × 10 13 L ☉ . We measure a half-light radius of the background source of r s = 4.4 ± 0.5 kpc which implies an IR luminosity surface density of Σ IR = (3.4 ± 0.9) × 10 11 L ☉ kpc −2 , a value that is typical of z > 2 SMGs but significantly lower than IR luminous galaxies at z ∼ 0. The two lens galaxies are compact ( r lens ≈ 0.9 kpc) early-types with Einstein radii of θ E1 = 0.57 ± 0.01 and θ E2 = 0.40 ± 0.01 that imply masses of M lens1 = (7.4 ± 0.5) × 10 10 M ☉ and M lens2 = (3.7 ± 0.3) × 10 10 M ☉ . The two lensing galaxies are likely about to undergo a dissipationless merger, and the mass and size of the resultant system should be similar to other early-type galaxies at z ∼ 0.6. This work highlights the importance of high spatial resolution imaging in developing models of strongly lensed galaxies discovered by Herschel .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".