Experimental verification of ensemble model for scattering by microbubbles population in a contrast agent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A theoretical contrast agent model, extending existing single bubble models to a population of simulated bubbles, was previously reported to produce time-domain scattered signals which compared well qualitatively to experiments. Here, experiments were carried out to test this model quantitatively. DPM-115 (Dupont-Merck Inc) flowing in a chamber was exposed to 5 MHz pulsed ultrasound with various bandwidths. Scattered signals were detected at 90/spl deg/ by a broadband receive transducer. The experimental results generally confirm the authors' model for predicting scattered signals, but the measured second harmonic scattering is 10 dB lower than the theoretical prediction. It was also observed that scattering is increased at high transmitted amplitude (>1.5 MPa). The disruptible shell is believed to be a possible cause for both effects, and it is suggested that the shell is very important in understanding the acoustic response of the contrast agent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".