Postprandial changes in plasma free amino acid levels obtained simultaneously from the hepatic portal vein and the dorsal aorta in rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the first time, changes in plasma concentrations of free amino acid (AA) and their metabolites were followed simultaneously in pre- and post-hepatic blood following a single meal in non-anaesthetized and free-swimming fish. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), kept in 10 degrees C water and fitted with cannulae in the hepatic portal vein (HPV) and the dorsal aorta (DA), were force-fed 1% of their body mass and blood samples were taken from both cannulae at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h postprandially to follow the free AA profile. Almost all free AAs increased rapidly within the first 3 h and only a few free AAs did not change significantly over time. By 6 h, the total free AA concentration had peaked in blood taken from both the DA (7107+/-369 nmol ml(-1)) and HPV (9999+/-572 nmol ml(-1)). However, individual free AAs showed three main profiles beyond this time: for type I, a peak concentration occurred only at 6 h; for type II, there was a more gradual rise in concentration to a peak at 24 h; and for type III there were two peaks, at 6 h and 24 h. All free AAs returned to or were lower than baseline levels within 48 h, with the exception of threonine and proline. The total free AA concentrations were consistently higher (P<0.05) in the HPV than in the DA at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. Our data provide clear evidence that, during the first pass through the liver, hepatic modification altered individual free AA concentrations as indicated by variable ratios among the simultaneous blood samples. Furthermore, the elevation of ammonium and urea in the HPV indicates intestinal catabolism of ingested free AA before release into the HPV. In conclusion, the dual HPV and DA cannulation shows promise as a useful technique for qualitative and quantitative investigations of absorption and turnover of nutrients, especially if the measurements can be combined with reliable estimates of blood flow and labelled substances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".