The<i>Herschel</i>Space Observatory view of dust in M81
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We use <i>Herschel<i/> Space Observatory data to place observational constraints on the peak and Rayleigh-Jeans slope of dust emission observed at 70–500 <i>μ<i/>m in the nearby spiral galaxy M81. We find that the ratios of wave bands between 160 and 500 <i>μ<i/>m are primarily dependent on radius but that the ratio of 70 to 160 <i>μ<i/>m emission shows no clear dependence on surface brightness or radius. These results along with analyses of the spectral energy distributions imply that the 160–500 <i>μ<i/>m emission traces 15–30 K dust heated by evolved stars in the bulge and disc whereas the 70 <i>μ<i/>m emission includes dust heated by the active galactic nucleus and young stars in star forming regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".