Two-dimensional fifth-order Raman spectroscopy of liquid formamide: Experiment and Theory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The fifth-order two-dimensional (2D) Raman spectrum of liquid formamide has been obtained. The absolute signal levels, qualitative features, as well as quantitative aspects of the 2D spectrum are found to be in good agreement with recent molecular dynamics calculations. The most important singular feature is the relatively strong rephasing signal observed along the diagonal. This finding illustrates the more structured nature of the hydrogen bond network of liquid formamide in comparison with simple liquids as exemplified by CS(2). The theoretical calculations have been extended to include comparisons of different potentials that illustrate the sensitivity of the experiment to the anharmonic motions in the liquid state. The theoretical results point out the key features in the 2D spectrum that probe the essential details in the intermolecular potential. The experiment has been demonstrated to provide new insight into collective effects operating in hydrogen bonded liquids and opens up the exploration of other liquids with this approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".