Design and fabrication of microchannels for magnetohydrodynamic flow
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper introduces a new microchannel design for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow that maximizes MHD pumping power. An electromagnetic channel (EMC), which has a rectangular cross-section and electrodes that run the full length of the channels, is the key design element. EMC fabrication on Si requires a two-mask process. ICP-RIE was employed to open rectangular grooves, and then an insulation layer and a seed layer for electroplating were sputtered into these grooves. Current densities for electroplating were adjusted to obtain as planar surface as possible. However, a polishing process needed to be developed to achieve the required planarity for subsequent bonding. Profilometry showed that the surface roughness after polishing was less than 200nm. which was adequate for bonding. The conditions for the second ICP-RIE step, which opened a 10/spl mu/m wide channel between the electrodes, were adjusted to protect the electrodes. Finally, HF bonding was employed to bond the wafer to an O211 glass coverplate. Bubble voltage threshold tests indicated 2.2 V could be applied within the device at 960 Hz before electrolysis created gas bubbles. These voltages are high enough to give the required pumping velocities for open tubular liquid chromatography.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it