New Insights into the Functionality of a Virion-Anchored Host Cell Membrane Protein: CD28 Versus HIV Type 1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is now well established that the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) incorporates a vast array of host-encoded molecules in its envelope during the budding process. Interestingly, it was demonstrated that the attachment process is accentuated by supplementary interactions between virion-anchored host molecules and their cognate ligands. Such an enhancement of the viral attachment process was found to result in an increase of infectivity for both T and macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1. Given that previous work indicates that HIV-1 is budding at the site of cell-to-cell contact, a location rich in the costimulatory CD28 glycoprotein, we investigated whether CD28 could be efficiently acquired by HIV-1. We have been able to generate progeny viruses bearing or not bearing on their surfaces host-derived CD28 using our previously described transient transfection and expression system. The physical presence of CD28 was found to markedly increase virus infectivity in a CD28/B7-dependent manner following infection of two human lymphoid cell lines expressing high levels of surface B7-1/B7-2, two natural ligands of CD28. The physiological significance of CD28 incorporation was provided by the observation that an anti-CD28 Ab decreased replication in primary human mononuclear cells of clinical isolates of HIV-1 propagated in such cells. A virus precipitation assay revealed that M-, T-, and dual-tropic clinical strains of HIV-1 produced in primary human mononuclear cells do indeed incorporate CD28. These results show for the first time that HIV-1 can incorporate CD28 and the acquisition of this specific host surface glycoprotein modulates the virus life cycle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".