An Exploration of the R & D Value beyond the Generally Accepted Accouting Principles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper utilized the real R & D option theory especial the Bellalah [1] information cost model as the discussion base for the exploration of R & D value. We extended Bellalah’s model as to add the factors of Poisson event and exponential decay to approximate the reality; we calculated the derivative value of R & D investment and relaxed the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) as to deem the accumulated R & D investment the capital owned by a firm and to evaluate it as well. The empirical results enlightened us: our modified model meet with reality better than the original model; the derivative R & D value have explanatory power to the equity behavior especial the risk magnitude proxied by β and lastly, to entirely expense the R & D investment could be problematic since R & D investment own the property of capital.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".