Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigate the mechanics of ice streams and glaciers flowing over a bed consisting of Coulomb-plastic subglacial sediment, or more generally, of channel flows with Coulomb or ‘solid’ friction laws at the boundary. Sliding is assumed to occur if shear stress at the glacier bed attains a prescribed, locally defined yield stress, while no sliding is assumed possible below that yield stress. Importantly, the location of regions of slip and no slip at the bed is not known a priori, but forms part of the solution. By analogy with friction problems in elasticity, we derive a weak formulation as a semi-coercive variational inequality, which admits a unique solution provided a solvability condition ensuring force balance is satisfied. The variational formulation is then exploited to calculate numerical solutions, and we investigate the effect of variations in subglacial water pressure, ice thickness and surface slope on the discharge of a valley glacier with a plastic bed. Significant differences are found between the behaviour of wide and narrow as well as steep and shallow-angled glaciers, and our results further indicate the need to develop models capable of accounting for longitudinal stresses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".