Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Ice is present during a part of the year on many rivers of cold, and even temperate, regions of the globe. Though largely ignored in hydrological literature, river ice has serious hydrologic impacts, including extreme flood events caused by ice jams, interference with transportation and energy production, low winter flows and associated ecological and water quality consequences. It is also a major factor in the life cycle of many aquatic and other species, being both beneficial and destructive, depending on location and time of year. A brief review of the hydrologic aspects of river ice shows strong climatic links and illustrates the sensitivity of the entire ice regime to changes in climatic conditions. To date, this sensitivity has only partly been documented: the vast majority of related studies have focused on the timing of freeze‐up and break‐up over the past century, and indicate trends that are consistent with concomitant changes in air temperature. It is only in the past few years that attention has been paid to the more complex, and practically more important, question of what climatic change may do to the frequency and severity of extreme ice jams, floods and low flows. The probable changes to the ice regime of rivers, and associated hydrological processes and impacts, are discussed in the light of current understanding. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".