Direct-Fed Microbial PrimaLac and Salinomycin Modulate Whole-Body and Intestinal Oxygen Consumption and Intestinal Mucosal Cytokine Production in the Broiler Chick
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The current study investigated whole-body O2 consumption, intestinal O2 consumption, and intestinal inflammation status through mucosal cytokine production on broiler chicks fed the direct-fed microbial PrimaLac. One hundred twenty 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental diets: standard starter diet (control), standard starter diet with added salinomycin (SAL), and standard starter diet with added PrimaLac (DFM). Birds were housed in 2 separate rooms, the control and SAL treatments in one room and the DFM in another. Intact ileal and cecal samples were collected on d 19, 20, and 21 after measuring whole-body O2 consumption using indirect calorimetry. The O2 up-take of ileal tissue was measured using an in vitro O2 monitor. Analysis of intestinal immune status of broilers was measured by the relative differences in mRNA of both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines: interleukin-(IL) 1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Broilers exhibited a 6 to 16% decrease in whole-body energy expenditures and up to a 47% decrease (P<0.05) in ileal energy expenditures in the DFM group compared with other treatments. The reverse transcription-PCR data demonstrated that DFM consortium numerically altered both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines within the ileum of 19-d posthatch broilers. These data suggest that direct-fed microbials like PrimaLac increase metabolic efficiency via changes in intestinal physiology and metabolism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".