Flocculation with Lysozyme: A Non‐Enzymatic Application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bioflocculants have been previously recognized as an alternative to synthetic polymers due to their renewable sources and biodegradability. In this study, the flocculating activity of lysozyme on kaolin suspensions was investigated and compared to a known flocculant, a cationic polyacrylamide. Lysozyme was found to significantly aid in the flocculation of kaolin particles. The flocculating activity of lysozyme on kaolin was affected by the pH of the suspensions, while the addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions did not have a significant effect. Potential industrial applications such as the flocculation of powdered activated carbon and algae suspensions were investigated and the addition of lysozyme resulted in significant flocculation. Furthermore, the flocculating properties of lysozyme are independent of its enzymatic activity. Our results indicate that lysozyme acts as a low molecular mass cationic polymer, where the main mechanism for flocculation on negatively‐charged particles is charge neutralization. Other cationic proteins could potentially be used as bioflocculants to enhance solid‐liquid separation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".