Female territoriality in a paternal mouthbrooding cardinalfish to avoid predation against spawned eggs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Generally, paternal mouthbrooding cardinalfishes are characteristic of sex-role-reversed animals: females have a higher potential reproductive rate and are more active in mating competition than males, and the operational sex ratio (OSR) is female-biased. However, one species of cardinalfish, Apogon notatus (Houttuyn, 1782), shows unusual sex roles: females alone defend their breeding territories to form pairs, even though the OSR is male-biased. This is inconsistent with the general rule that breeding territoriality is shown by the more abundant sex. We examined the function of female breeding territory in this fish using field observations. Prior to the breeding season, large females established their territories earlier than small females. Earlier settlers occupied deeper areas with larger boulders where conspecifics were less likely to aggregate. As the level of conspecific aggregation increased, spawning females suffered from frequent intraspecific interference and subsequent egg predation, leading to increased time or energy spent on territorial defense. For the females, territories that have more boulders and fewer conspecifics might be of higher quality because such places are safe from egg predation and less costly to defend. We conclude that females defend their breeding territories to avoid predation of spawned eggs rather than to guard high-quality mates or to increase mating opportunities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".